Leibowitz Yeshayahu (1903-1994)
Scientist, Philosopher, and Man of Letters
Leibowitz's notion of Judaism focused entirely on the importance of Halacha. He held that the obligation to observe the commandments was an end in itself, and that religion therefore was not a means to a greater personal or social good. Because of his belief in the overriding value of the Law, Leibowitz advocated fresh Halachic deliberations that deal with situations and challenges of the modern world. He stressed nationalism's religious importance, but following the establishment of the State of Israel and its independence of Halachic norms, Leibowitz argued fiercely for the separation of religion from the state. He insisted that the state was not an ideal with an intrinsic significance, but was there to serve its citizens.
Leibowitz was also uncompromising in his political views. Although he had been active in various political groups, he disapproved of the system of party rule and the numerous political parties, including the religious parties. He labored publicly against government corruption and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Following the Six Day War, he objected staunchly to retaining any Arab territory, arguing that occupation morally destroys the conqueror. He supported military conscientious objection to serving in the territories and in Lebanon, and it was largely his vociferous left-wing views that made him such a controversial figure.